Under Review

  • Miu, E., Andersen, M. M., Boeckx, C., Cenni, C., Lew-Levy, S., McKerracher, L. J., … Pope-Caldwell, S., Rawlings, B. Playing at scale: a long-term population perspective on the relationship between play and innovation. osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/2rzf9_v1

  • Amici, F., Junker, M., Blenau, W., Neldner, K., Abbas, N., Abis, A., Arroyo Garcia, B., Asghari, N., Barragán Pardo, G., Peña Chumacero, J., Eirdosh, D., Hanisch, S., Herrnsdorf, T., Hovehne, T., Junker, A., Kanngießer, P., Köylü, K., Masaquiza, S., Maulany, R. I., Meng, T., Ngakan, P. O., Peközer, E., Petrović, L., Piscayanti, S., Pope-Caldwell, S., Razafindramanana, J., Rehatalanit, M. C., Sandoval Sernaque, M. I., Sportelli, D., Stengelin, R., Stodulka, T., Striegler, B., Sun, W., Sunderarajan, J., Swastyastu, M., Tempelmann, S., Thajib, F., Thiede, N., Tjizao, D., Useb, L., Villa Larenas, F., Weyrowitz, J., Wilks, M., Woidich, L., Zhang, Z., Haun, D., & Liebal, K. (under review). Not all animals are equal: How children and adolescents evaluate and reason about animal edibility across cultures in 18 countries.

  • Padberg, M., Hanus, D., Felsche, E., Pope-Caldwell, S., Haun, D.B.M. A cross-cultural, developmental perspective on the susceptibility to other’s beliefs.

  • Hlay, J.K., Pope-Caldwell, S., Dzabatou, A., Domingues, B.F., Lew-Levy, S., & Gettler, L.T. Causes and correlates of union dissolution among BaYaka foragers in the Congo Basin: Links with household demographics and health.

  • Pope-Caldwell, S., Gettler, L., Boyette, A., Ouamba, Y.R., Crittenden, A., Lew-Levy, S. Developmental and social variation in spatial behavior among BaYaka hunter-gatherers.

  • Amici, F., Junker, M., Neldner, K., Abbas, L., Abbas, N., Abis, A., Arroyo Garcia, B., Asghari, N., Peña Chumacero, J., Eirdosh, D., Hanisch, S., Herrnsdorf, T., Hovehne, T., Junker, A., Kanngießer, P., Villa Larenas, F., Masaquiza, S., Iino, M., Maulany, R. I., Meng, T., Mutlu, K., Ngakan, P. O., Peközer, E., Petrovic, L., Piscayanti, S., Pope-Caldwell, S., Razafindramanana, J., Rehatalanit, M. C., Sportelli, D., Stengelin, R., Stodulka, T., Striegler, B., Sun, W., Sunderarajan, J., Swastyastu, M., Tempelmann, S., Thajib, F., Thiede, N., Tjizao, D., Weyrowitz, J., Wilks, M., Woidich, L., Zhang, Z., Haun, D., & Liebal, K. Developmental trajectories of children's attitudes toward meat consumption across 18 countries.

  • Lew-Levy, S., Xu, J., Pope-Caldwell, S., Sutherland, C., Ntamboudila, F. K., van den Bos, W., Corriveau, K. H., Dutra, N. B., Flynn, E., O’Sullivan, E., Rawlings, B. S., Xu, J. Ringen, E. J., Wood, L. Evidence against the age-based imitation bias in a culturally diverse sample.

2026

  • Lew-Levy, S., Ringen, E. J., Benoit, L., Ouamba, Y. R., Boyette, A. H., Pope-Caldwell, S., Gettler, L. T., & Crittenden, A. N. (under review). The development of subsistence effort and skill among BaYaka foragers. PNAS Nexus.

  • Vieira, W., Maurits, L., Dzabatou, A., Haun, D., & Pope-Caldwell, S. Development of Explorative Search and Risk Tolerance in BaYaka, Bandongo, and German Children. Developmental Psychology.

  • Pope-Caldwell, S., Felsche, E., Dzabatou, A., Vieira, W., Maurits, L., Deffner, D., Haun, D. Development of cognitive flexibility and related executive functions across three cultures. Developmental Science.

  • Stengelin, R., Neldner, K., Hornoff, L., Maurits, L., Petrović, L., Eirdosh, D., Fong, F. T. K., Hagen, P., Kısa, Y. D., Leisterer-Peoples, S., Michael, M. M. G., Vieira, W., Pope-Caldwell, S., & Haun, D. B. M. (2026). Bias at Scale: Global Disparities in the Representativeness and Contextualization of Childhood Research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 0(0).

  • Xu J, Wood L, Sutherland C, Pope-Caldwell S, Mboumba O, Ondaye AE, Ngoma GR, Ndenguele R, Kiabiya Ntamboudila F, & Lew-Levy S. (2026). Parental perspectives on children’s social learning in four cultures.

  • Wood, L., Sutherland, C., Xu, J., Rawlings, B., Pope-Caldwell, S., Mboumba, O., Ondaye, A.E., Ngoma, G., R., Ndenguele, R., Holden, E., Lew-Levy, S. (2026). Naturalistic observations of children and adolescents in diverse contexts: methods, challenges and recommendations.

  • Bohn, M., Prein, J. C., Ayikoru, A., Bednarski, F. M., Dzabatou, A., Frank, M. C., Henderson, A. M. E., Isabella, J., Kalbitz, J., Kanngiesser, P., Keşşafoğlu, D., Koymen, B., Manrique-Hernandez, M., Magazi, S., Mújica-Manrique, L., Ohlendorf, J., Olaoba, D., Pieters, W., Pope-Caldwell, S., ... Haun, D. (2024). A universal of human social cognition: Children from 17 communities process gaze in similar ways. LINK TO PREPRINT

  • Stengelin, R., Neldner, K., Hornoff, L., Maurits, L., Petrović, L., Eirdosh, D., Fong, F. T. K., Hagen, P., Kısa, Y. D., Leisterer-Peoples, S., Michael, M. M. G., Vieira, W., Pope-Caldwell, S., & Haun, D. B. M. (2026). Bias at Scale: Global Disparities in the Representativeness and Contextualization of Childhood Research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 0(0).

  • Pope-Caldwell, S., E. Felsche, A. Dzabatou, et al. 2027. “ Development of Elective Flexibility and Related Cognitive Functions Across Three Cultures.” Developmental Science 30, no. 1: e70299.

2025

  • Vieira, W., Pope-Caldwell, S. M., Dzabatou, A., Maurits, L., Padberg, M., & Haun, D. B. M. Social learning leads to inflexible strategy use in children across three societies.

  • Pope-Caldwell, S. Case Study : Experiment vs Observation In Packer, M. J. (2021). Child development: Understanding a cultural perspective. Third Edition

    Davis, H.E., Amir, D., Badiani, F., Kline, M., Ndlovu, N., Pope-Caldwell, S., Rawlings, B., Rosun, N., and Wen, N. (2025). Studying childhood learning across cultures. In Lew-Levy, S. & Asatsa, S. (Eds), A Field Guide to Doing Cross-Cultural Research on Childhood Learning: Theoretical, Methodological, Practical, and Ethical Considerations for an Interdisciplinary Field. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2025

  • Amir, D., Boyette, A., Cristia, A., Crittenden, A., Dzabatou, A., Gurven, M., Kandza, V., Kanngiesser, P., Ndlovu, N., Pope-Caldwell, S., Schäfer, M., & Taverna, A. (2025). Preparing for the field. In Lew-Levy, S. & Asatsa, S. (Eds), A Field Guide to Doing Cross-Cultural Research on Childhood Learning: Theoretical, Methodological, Practical, and Ethical Considerations for an Interdisciplinary Field. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2025

  • Dutra, N., Cristia, A., & Pope-Caldwell, S. (2025). Data sharing—open and reproducible science(s)? In Lew-Levy, S. & Asatsa, S. (Eds), A Field Guide to Doing Cross-Cultural Research on Childhood Learning: Theoretical, Methodological, Practical, and Ethical Considerations for an Interdisciplinary Field. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2025

2024

  • Prein, J. C., Bednarski, F. M., Dzabatou, A., Frank, M. C., Henderson, A. M. E.,… Pope-Caldwell, S.M., … Bohn, M. (2024, June 19). Measuring variation in gaze following across communities, ages, and individuals — a showcase of the TANGO–CC. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. LINK TO PREPRINT. Example task here : https://ccp-odc.eva.mpg.de/tango-cc/

  • Bohn, M., Fong, F., Pope-Caldwell, S., Stengelin, R., and Haun, D. B. M. (2024) Understanding cultural variation in cognition one child at a time. Nature Reviews Psychology. LINK TO PDF

  • Pope-Caldwell, S., Deffner, D., Maurits, L., Neumann, T., & HPrein, J. C., Bednarski, F. M., Dzabatou, A., Frank, M. C., Henderson, A. M. E.,... Pope- Caldwell, S.M., ... Bohn, M. (2024, June 19). Measuring variation in gaze following across communities, ages, and individuals — a showcase of the TANGO–CC. LINK TO PREPRINTaun, D. (2024). Variability and harshness shape flexible strategy-use in support of the constrained flexibility framework. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7236. LINK TO PDF

  • Pope-Caldwell, S. (2024). How dynamic environments shape cognitive flexibility. In M. Charbonneau (Ed.), The Evolution of Techniques: Rigidity and Flexibility in Use, Transmission, and Innovation. MIT Press. LINK TO PDF

  • Stengelin, R., Bohn, M., Sánchez-Amaro, A., Haun, D.,...Pope-Caldwell, S.,...Schuhmacher, N. Responsible Research is also concerned with generalizability: Recognizing efforts to reflect upon and increase generalizability in hiring and promotion decisions in psychology. Meta-Psychology LINK TO PDF

2023

  • Rawlings, B., Davis, H., Anum, A., Burger, O., Chen, L., ...Pope-Caldwell, S.,...Legare, C., 2023 Measuring schooling effects: The impact of school quality on children’s academic achievement in diverse societies. Developmental Science. LINK TO PDF

  • Lew-Levy, S., van den Bos, W., Corriveau, K., Dutra, N., Flynn, E., O’Sullivan, E., Pope-Caldwell, S., Rawlings, B., Smolla, M., Xu, J., Wood, L., 2023. Peer learning and cultural evolution. Child Development Perspectives. LINK TO PDF

2022

  • Pope-Caldwell, S. M., Lew-Levy, S., Maurits, L., Boyette, A.H., Ellis-Davies, K., Haun, D., Over, H., House, B. R. The social learning and development of intra- and inter-ethnic sharing norms in the Congo Basin: A registered report protocol. PLOS ONE, 17 (11), e0276845 LINK TO PDF

  • Bruno, D., Pope-Caldwell, S.M., Haberl, K., Hanus, D., Haun, D., Leisterer-Peoples, S., Mauritz, S., Neldner, K., Sibilsky, A. and Stengelin, R., 2022. Ethical guidelines for good practice in cross-cultural research. LINK TO PDF

  • Pope-Caldwell, S. M., & Washburn, D. A. (2022). Overcoming cognitive set bias requires more than seeing an alternative strategy. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-8. LINK TO PDF

2021

  • Lew-Levy, S.*, Pope, S. M.*, Haun, D. B., Kline, M. A., & Broesch, T. (2021) Out of the empirical box: A mixed-methods study of tool innovation among Congolese BaYaka forager and Bondongo fisher–farmer children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 211, 105223. *Co-first authors LINK TO PDF

2020

  • Lew-Levy, S & Milks, A & Lavi, N & Pope, S. M. & Friesem, D. (2020) Where innovations flourish: An ethnographic and archaeological overview of huntergatherer learning contexts. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 1-61. LINK TO PDF

  • Pope, S. M., Fagot, J., Meguerditchian, A., Watzek, J., Lew-Levy, S., Autrey, M. M., Hopkins, W. D. (2020). Optional-Switch Cognitive Flexibility in Primates: Chimpanzees’ (Pan troglodytes) Intermediate Susceptibility to Cognitive Set. Journal of Comparative Psychology.134(1), 98. LINK TO PDF

2019

  • Watzek, J., Pope, S. M., Brosnan, S. F. (2019) Capuchin and rhesus monkeys but not humans show cognitive flexibility in an optional-switch task. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 13195. LINK TO PDF

  • Pope, S. M., Fagot, J., Meguerditchian, A., Washburn, D. A. & Hopkins, W. D. (2019) Enhanced cognitive flexibility in the semi-nomadic Himba. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 50(1), 47-62. LINK TO PDF

2018

  • Pope, S. M. (2018). Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Within the Primate Lineage and Across Human Cultures: When Learned Strategies Block Better Alternatives. (PhD Dissertation). LINK TO PDF

2017

  • Pope, S. M., Taglialatela, J.P., Hopkins, W. D. (2017) Changes in mirror region connectivity following Do-As-I-Do training in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30(3), 1-11. LINK TO PDF

  • Hopkins, W. D., Coulon, O., Meguerditchian, A., Autrey, M., Davidek, K., Mahovetz, L., Pope, S. M., Mareno, M.C., & Schapiro, S. J. (2017). Genetic Factors and Oro-Facial Motor Learning Selectively Influence Variability in Central Sulcus Morphology in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Neuroscience, 2641-16. LINK TO PDF

2016

  • Hopkins, W.D., Meguerditchian, A., Coulon, O., Misiura, M., Pope, S. M., Mareno, M.C., Schapiro, S.J. (2016) Motor skill for tool-use is associated with asymmetries in Broca’s Area and the Motor Hand Area of the Precentral Gyrus in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behavioural Brain Research, 318, 71-81. LINK TO PDF

  • Pope, S. M., Russell, J. L., & Hopkins, W. D. (2015). The association between imitation recognition and socio-communicative competencies in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Frontiers in Psychology, 6. LINK TO PDF

2015

  • Pope, S. M., Meguerditchian, A., Hopkins, W. D., & Fagot, J. (2015). Baboons (Papio papio), but not humans, break cognitive set in a visuomotor task. Animal Cognition, 1-8. LINK TO PDF

  • Taglialatela, J.P., Russell, J., Pope, S. M., Morton, T., Bogart, S., Reamer, L.A., Schapiro, S.J., Hopkins, W.D. (2015). Multimodal Communication in Chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 77(11). LINK TO PDF